Paper chromatography Essay Example for Free

Paper chromatography Essay Aim : to separate and identify of the pigments in leaves by paper chromatography Principle of design: In this experiment, a strip of filter paper containing a small spot of concentrated chlorophyll pigment is dipped in a mixture of developing solvent, the pigments was carried up the strip as the solvents move up. Since the solvents moved at different rates and pigments had different solubilities in them, the pigments gradually become separated. When the solvent was near the top of the paper, the paper was removed. After that, Rf (Relative front) for that substance were calculated. In this experiment, Rf values were used to identify the different substances present in the leaf extract mixture. Instructions: 1. 3 leaves of spinach were ground in pestle and mortar by 2 cm3 of extraction solvent 2. the developing solvent was added into the boiling tube and it just touched the lower edge of the paper strip. 3. The tube was kept stopper to allow it to saturate with the solvent vapour 4. Both sides of paper strip were trimmed to make sure that the sides of paper strip didnt touch the sides of the boiling tube 5. A light pencil line was ruled 20mm from the lower edge of paper strip 6. A capillary tube was dipped into the extract and a small drop of the extract was put in the middle of the starting line. When it was dried, another drop was added and adding was continued until the spot was quite dark. The spot was kept as small as possible. 7. One end of the strip was folded at 90 so that when the paper strip was suspended with a pin from the stopper, the opposite end would just dip into the surface of the solvent. 8. The chromatogram was allowed to develop until the solvent front is 2 cm from the upper edge of paper strip. 9. The paper strip was taken out and a light pencil line was ruled to mark the solvent front. 10. The pigment patches were circled immediately with a pencil. 11. The Rf values for the different pigments in the leaf extract were calculated. Results: The distance that the solvent travels = 9.3cm Rf of the top yellow spot = 8.9/ 9.3 = 0.96cm Rf of the middle orange spot = 6.8/ 9.3 = 0.73cm Rf of the bottom bright green spot = 5.7/9.3 = 0.61cm Rf of the lowest green spot = 4.4/9.3 = 0.47cm Therefore the top yellow spot is carotene pigment, the middle orange spot is xanthophyll pigment, the bottom bright green spot is chlorophyll a pigment, and the lowest green spot is chlorophyll b pigment. Discussion: Chromatography is an effective method of separating the solutes in a solution. Paper chromatography is the process we used to separate various chemicals found in the pigment, in the case is chlorophyll. The four pigments that being separated were chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, xanthophyll II, and carotene. These pigments were each separated at a different point on the paper. This is because of few different factors. First, each pigments has a different mass, and therefore are heavier and cannot travel up the paper as far, or as quickly. In this experiment, the heaviest pigment is chlorophyll b as it is the lowest, and the lightest pigment is carotene as it is the top of all pigments. The second factor was the solubility of the pigment. The least soluble pigment should travel up the shortest distance, and the most soluble pigment should travel up the longest distance. In this experiment, the least soluble pigment was chlorophyll b, and the most soluble one was carotene. The third factor was adsorption, that is the ability to attract other substances strongly and hold on their surface. The pigment with the greatest adsorption ability traveled up the shortest distance, and the pigment with the weakest adsorption ability traveled up the longest distance. In this experiment, carotene had the weakest adsorption ability, and chlorophyll b had the greatest adsorption ability. The strip of filter paper should be freely suspended in the test tube, this is because the movement of the pigment on the paper in contact or near the glass would cause the particles to be attracted to the side such that net charge of the force would be towards the side. The test tube must be stoppered. This is to produce a saturated atmosphere in the test tube. Also, it was to prevent the evaporation of the solvent, which is toxic. Conclusion: There were four pigments being separated from chlorophyll, they were chlorophyll b, which is the least soluble, heaviest and have the greatest ability of adsorption, chlorophyll a, xanthophyll II and carotene, which is the most soluble, lightest and have the weakest ability of adsorption.

Free Measure for Measure Essays: Mercy vs. Justice :: Measure for Measure

Mercy vs. Justice in Measure for Measure Theme: Mercy vs. Justice. Allusion to justice = eye for eye, tooth for tooth [measure for measure]; allusion to mercy = let him without sin cast the first stone [esp. sexual sin]. Summary: Duke wants to restore the strictness of fornication/adultery laws. He sets up Angelo to do it, while he feigns that he will be away. Instead he remains to check up on Angelo and the town (Vienna). Angelo goes ahead and closes down Overdone's brothel and the others, and puts Claudio in jail, condemned to die the morrow, for impregnating Juliet. Isabella, Claudio's sister and about to enter a nunnery, pleads for Angelo's mercy on him. Lucio counsels her to be warm to him, and she is just warm enough to inspire Angelo to seduce her: seduction in exchange for Claudio. The Duke, posing as a Friar, overhears her exchange with Claudio in which he counsels her to go through with the act. He enters and sets up a plan: Angelo ought to have married Mariana but didn't: Mariana therefore will go in Isabella's place. Angelo, after the deed, calls even more quickly for Claudio's head. The Duke (as Friar) puts this off: now Angelo is two steps behind (not knowing about either Mariana or Claudio). The Duke returns, as Duke, and asks for anyone against Angelo to speak. Isabella does: finally it comes out that the Friar was behind Isabella's suit. The Friar is called for, and so the Duke disappears and comes back as the Friar, but is revealed to be the Duke. The switch is revealed and Angelo must marry Mariana; Claudio is revealed as alive and is pardoned by the Duke. Lucio (a subplot) also gets his deserts. Morality: mercy wins over justice, and yet there is a strong sense of justice having been done. Symbolically accomplished by the Duke (justice) taking on the habit of "a true friar" (mercy but with sense of justice) starting with I.iii.48. II.i.17 ff, Angelo on justice without mercy: "'Tis one thing to be tempted, Escalus,/Another thing to fall. I not deny,/The jury, passing on the prisoner's life,/May in the sworn twelve have a thief or two/Guiltier than him they try. What's open made to justice,/That justice seizes: what know the laws/That thieves do pass on thieves?"--this is unmitigated justice, just as II.i.30-31: "Let mine own judgement pattern out my death, [which Angelo is willing to accept once caught, in V.

Bad Habits while Driving Essay

For the revision of one of my essay’s, I choose to do my Illustration essay. For my illustration essay I choose to do the topic â€Å"Bad Habits While Driving.† Before some of the essay was wrong and supposedly copyrighted but I rewrote it into my words again so therefore this time it shouldn’t be wrong. Now on one of the quotes that I gave I forgot to give credit to the website and that was definitely copyrighted and I totally forgot to put that. I added the website to the statistic I gave and changed a few of the spelling and grammatical errors I noticed. So all in all I believe that this essay is better than my last. Hope you enjoy reading it. I remember the first time I got my license, I wanted everyone to see me and to see what I could do in the parking lot with my new truck. The first day I drove after I got my license I thought I knew everything there was about a vehicle and I could handle anything. Well I was wrong, there was a lot of things that I needed to learn and realize how dangerous it actually is driving. When I got out of school just like any teenager now a days was on there telephone texting and calling there parents or friends to hang out. They were getting behind the wheel of the car and driving off to go get something to eat and eating behind the wheel driving to fast trying to impress everyone. Driving is a privilege that should be taken serious and not have any distractions. There are some bad habits while driving that the every common person has from driving to fast, eating, and most worst habit using a cellphone. Every time you turn on a TV or listen to the radio nine times out of ten I  would bet that you would hear something about someone dieing in a car accident. I know for my self when I have to get someone on a certain time and I’m late I’ll drive fast to get there. That is one of the main reason of all accidents caused by. Each year in America there are about 32,000 people that die from speeding in a vehicle. You see in movies all the time people flying right through red lights and getting into a wreck and the person that was just sitting there dies. I remember when I was in the seventh grade my mom and grandma was sitting at this red light and it turned green, and my mom is one of them people who waits and sees if it is clear after the light turns green; after she checked she started to drive but next thing she knows they got hit in the back because the guy was going to fast and run the red light. There is no telling where I would have ended up if I would have lost my m om in that wreck that day. You can turn on the TV and you can see a commercial about texting and driving. They warn us about how bad it is to text and drive. In drivers education they made us watch a movie that showed the dangers of texting and driving, it showed these teenagers and the one driving was texting and they got in a wreck and died. If every the teacher or program could just tell each young driver how important it is on how dangerous it is to text and drive. But you know how us teenagers are is like we let it go through one ear and it goes out the other. According to the the study by the Cohen Children’s Medical Center in New Hyde Park, New York; texting and driving has surpassed drinking and driving and is the leading cause of death among teens. Dr. Andrew Adesman, Cheif Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Cohen Children’s Medical Center told a reporter Carolyn Gusoff â€Å" The reality is kids aren’t drinking seven days per week, they are carrying their phones and textin g seven days per week, so you intuitively know this a more common occurrence.† Which is true, I don’t drink and don’t want to, but kids my age isn’t worried about carring around there alcohol they are more worried about seeing who’s texting them and where the parties are going to be at. Driving is a privilege and any body, young or old getting behind the wheel of a vehicle should always treat that machine with respect. A problem that I have while driving, is I am always rushing or in a hurry  and I have to eat on the go. I don’t like to but sometimes I have to. Although eating and driving is very danger’s I’ve come to be able to do it a lot better than I used to. â€Å"Distractions like eating can become a problem for drivers who can’t react quickly to a sharp curve,† according to a study by the National Highway Traffic Study Administration (http://www.nydailynews.com/). The same people say that a new study they have conducted stated that 80% of all car accidents and 65% of near misses are caused by distracted drivers more focused on their burgers than the road (http://www.nydailynews.com/). I never really knew how dangerous it was to just eat a burger and drive down the road, and also how much attention is lost when eating and driving. Driving is a privilege and it can become very dangerous from doing the little things to having no attention on the roads. I know for myself I’ll think twice about answering that text and driving a little to fast, or what I have a problem with is eating and driving. All those videos I watch in drivers ed. I can still picture the images of the boy who died in the crash from the other guy text while driving. So many lives are lost because we’re in a hurry or we have to do this, and we can’t wait. Life is to short for all nonsense we do while driving and we just shorten our lives every time we do it. So who’s with me and taking the vowel to never text and drive and eat and drive?

Internet Based Home Control System Essay

We viewed development as a process of change and a continuous learning.. Technological and institutional change or capabilities are at the heart of this process. Technology is much more than an ingredient in development strategies; it is a conditioning element of their viability. As technology rapidly changes, it sets the condition that generates development opportunities. Development becomes one of the learning that benefit from such changing opportunities. While learning is within a single technological revolution, a new technological revolution would constitute major discontinuities and shifts in the direction of change, providing new opportunities for learning and catching up. Technology is at the heart of the innovative process, and it has become a tool for amplifying brainpower. It further brings about changes within and among institutions and accelerates the rate of innovation. Steve Ballmer[1], CEO of Microsoft’s Corporation stressed that the number one benefit of technology is that it empowers people to do what they want to do, letting people be creative and productive Thus, through new technology, a little creativity, and a lot of thinking, we have begun to produce home appliances control system that makes anything possible for the people especially elderly and handicapped to live by themselves and meet their potentials. The recent drive in the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) industry toward new wireless communication devices and systems and their utilization in addressing a wide variety of real-world problems have resulted in several new areas of active research and wireless home automation being one such hot topic. Home appliances control system designates an emerging practice of increased automation of household appliances and fixtures in residential dwellings, particularly through electronic means. This allows impracticable, overly expensive or simply not possible things in recent past decades to be implemented. Home Automation Technology is a relatively new field and the home automation products available currently in the market are expensive, and not everybody can afford these devices. However, looking at the increasing popularity of home automation, most manufacturing companies are trying to develop products that will be affordable to the middle class customers. Hence, the proponents through this study design and develop a system of controlling home appliances remotely via the Internet. With this project, a user can control his home appliances across country away from home. Background of the Study Home appliances and lighting are major source of electricity consumption. Commercial public sector buildings and residential houses account for 95% of the electricity used for home appliances. There are common problems that home owners encountered in relation with home appliances system. One of this is due to some negligence like leaving the lights ON that result to having greater power consumption. This additional power consumption that can be wasted varies directly to our electric bills. Another problem is that those busy home owners who arrive at home late at night; they want to have immediate access to turn on the lights to have preventive measures against robbery and crimes.[2] For effective management and protection of homes, operational monitoring of home appliances conditions is a necessary tool. Fixed control system contributes significantly in monitoring the entire home appliances network. The past decade has seen significant advancement in the field of consumer electronics. Various â€Å"intelligent† appliances such as cellular phones, air-conditioners, home security devices, home theaters, etc. are set to realize the concept of a smart home. They have given rise to a personal area network in home environment, where all these appliances can be interconnected and monitored using a single controller. Busy families and individuals with physical limitation represent an attractive market for home automation and networking. Thus, a unifying solution started with the emergence of the first home automation product known as the Model 1503 which was introduced in 1988 and was meant for fire and burglar protection, home lighting and appliance control.[3] Moreover, a technology called X-10 was developed by Jeff Denenholz,[4] which allows your computer and your appliances to communicate over the existing power lines in your home. Among the many possibilities that this technology provides is the possibility for a fully automated and responsive home. One of the basic systems on the market is made by iControl and is easy to install and expandable. The system uses the 802.11 wireless protocol to transmit signals from the various devices to a control box which is connected to the internet. Some of the devices the company offers specifically for elderly care include: cameras, window/door sensors, motion sensors, water sensors, freeze sensors, panic pendants/wristwatches, smoke detectors, carbon monoxide detectors, lamp modules, and thermostats. All of the devices are connected wirelessly to the control box which then allows the devices to be monitored and controlled using the company’s website. The system is perfect for the elderly because it is easy to use and it allows family members to monitor the house to ensure that their relative is safe, it is portable and can easily be installed in an existing home. Another key project is ongoing at The University of Florida. They have built a 500 square foot smart house that is designed assist and to provide medical care to users. The house implements devices including a microwave that recognizes entrees and automatically determines how long to cook them and devices to track the individuals location within the home. The house also uses devices to detect water on the floor and a camera that allows the person to view who is at the door and let them in using a cell phone. The smart house at the University of Florida relies on a centralized computer network to deliver electronically coordinated assistance. However, the aforementioned projects pose problems on the implementation of such systems. The major drawbacks of these systems are that it requires the use of several costly technologies to operate. The concept of a smart home requires a user to have internet access available as well as router to install the control box. Thus, the introduction of home automation in the 1970’s failed to improve the lifestyle of users because determining the economic benefits of home automation technologies is difficult. The cost of implementing smart home technology must be justified by the effects brought about by their installation. There is a need for home automation technologies to be cost-effective and easy to install and flexible with many network infrastructures and appliances. Therefore, the study Microcontroller-based Home Appliances Control System via Internet aims at developing a module for home appliance and control system combining embedded system and web technology. The goal of this project is to design a system that communicates with the web in controlling the user’s home.. This approach will provide an easy way to operate and is cost effective approach to benefit the elderly and those with disabilities to function as normal as possible. Statement of the Problem The main problem of this study is to design and develop a prototype of a microcontroller-based home appliances control system using the internet that will demonstrate power automation of home appliances. The proposed system is web-based in nature which will replace physical control and provide automation with regard to the home appliances.

Reengineering Management essays

Reengineering Management essays Reengineering Management (RM) is a great book written by James Champy. Other than the one published before, which was Reengineering the Corporation, this books directed to all managers in all levels. It is about changing managerial work, the way we should think, organize, inspire, deploy, measure and reward the value-adding operational work. This book is a following one for reengineering the Corporation written by Michael Hammer and James Champy. Youve redesigned your companys processes, organization, and culture. Now, how do you manage it? Champy examines the successes and failures of reengineering, and cites the failure of management to change as the greatest threat to the success of reengineering. Champy attempts to develop a subject that was not given adequate attention in Reengineering the Corporation. Managers must change how they work if they are to realize the full benefits of reengineering. Champy begins with the impact of reengineering on managers. Managers must create change, big change and fast. According to Champy, managers most fear the loss of control. Modern managers do not command or manipulate, but share information and educate. They must replace old ways of thinking with new ideals and expectations associated with letting go. These include replacing perfectionist thinking with experimental thinking, and "getting it right" credos with "making it better and better" credos. Managers must have faith in human beings to do the right thing. The authority of the organization chart is giving way to the ability to do a job better for the customer. Customer needs, not internal values, should guide the manager's performance. Reengineering changes everything. Managers cannot successfully support a reengineering effort unless they too change. And they need to change in the areas of purpose, culture, processes, and people. But what does that mean? Champy tries to answer this...

Appropriateness, Reinforcement, Preferences and Transformation Essay Example for Free

Appropriateness, Reinforcement, Preferences and Transformation Essay According to Eunson (2006, p.15) there are four main criteria to be considered when choosing the medium/s of communication to best articulate an argument: Appropriateness, Reinforcement, Preferences and Transformation. Select one of the criteria and discuss its importance to a communication situation. Any successful communication process requires the presence of a message, appropriate medium   and the desired message’s effect on the receiver.   Ã‚  To effect success in communication, it is important to use a suitable medium based on the Preferences criterion. Modern technologies have greatly facilitated human communication. However, as Priestley’s Paradox illustrates, people get to actually communicate less as communication technologies further advance (Eunson 2006, p.4). Hence, for effective communication, it is more important to consider the message and the effect of that message on the receiver (Eunson 2006, p.7). The successful transfer of message and its effect, however, largely depends on the communication mode used or â€Å"preferred†. The medium is crucial to the effect of a message because as emphasized by Marshall McLuhan (Lister 2003), â€Å"societies have always been shaped more by the nature of the media† . In other words, the medium is the message. A case in point would be a Human Resource Department in an office where the HR Manager normally ‘prefers’ communicating with his staff through memos and e-mail notifications. But being a smart manager, he or she will not hesitate to utilize other media as needed, according to the importance of the message and the desired effect to the recipients. He or she may ‘prefer’ to personally discuss an individual’s unsatisfactory ‘Performance Assessment Report’, earlier sent as is via individual e-mail, through   one-on-one review. The richness of media (Daft & Lengel 1986, p.557) effected by direct face-to-face discussion is ‘preferred’ to the e-mail channel, which in this case plays a secondary role as preparatory medium of documentation. Herein, interpersonal communication appropriate to a small group (Baker, Barrett & Roberts 2002, p.11), is considered and selected to amplify the Report’s â€Å"warning† content with the goal of effecting the desired change in the staffer’s behaviour. Exploring â€Å"Preferences† in choosing media is vital to effectively convey the message. Since the medium, which helps shape the content, is mostly the message itself and that the message’s effect on the receiver is affected by the medium, selecting the suitable channel from a range of Preferences becomes crucial to any effective communication. Baker, E. Barrett, M. & Roberts, L 2002, Working Communication , John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd., Milton Qld. Daft, R. L. and Lengel, R. H. 1986 â€Å"Organizational Information Requirements, Media Richness and Structural Design,† Management Sci. , Vol. 32, No.5, pp. 554–571. Eunson, B . 2006, Communicating in the 21 st Century , John Wiley & Sons, Australia Ltd., Milton Qld. Lister, M 2003, New Media: A Critical Introduction , Routledge, London. Appropriateness, Reinforcement, Preferences and Transformation. (2017, Mar 01).

Article Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Review - Article Example Luke (2012) discusses the extent to which organizations can support entrepreneurial behavior and innovation by suggesting the importance of paying attention to the concept. Besides, the paper critiques some of the barriers the author identifies as constraints to ensuring entrepreneurship and innovation. In addition, this paper critiques the proposed components of an organizations innovative behavior as well as crucial factors for the creatiion of corporate entrepreneurship. Finally, it is imperative to review some of the recommendations that the author proposes as fostering innovation and entrepreneurship behavior. The main objective of this article is to bring to light some of the factors and elements that foster corporate entrepreneurship and innovation in an organization. On the other hand, the article explains how modern businesses can manage the competition in the global economy by focusing on flexibility, adaptability, risk-taking, competitive aggressiveness, and innovativeness. All of the above are elements of entrepreneurship thus the article rather presents some of the conditions that favor corporate entrepreneurship and innovation. Nonetheless, the article illustrates the nature of corporate entrepreneurship and innovativeness in the modern economic environment where issues like imitation and theft to intellectual property can hinder efforts to stay competitiveness. Moreover, the article offers advice to small and large businesses in the need to create organizational culture that foster proper management of small ideas since they are the basis of corporate entrepreneurship and innova tion. Finally, Luke summarizes by stating some distinct recommendations on how organizations can create and nurture innovative behaviors among its employees. Luke begins by defining corporate entrepreneurship as a process of that gathers resources for the purpose of implementing various innovative activities result in the production of new